I figured this out. Turns out, it's not really Forge related, but I'll leave the answer here in case it helps someone else out.
The package is javax.usb.
The file is javax.usb.properties.
I was having some issues so when I shadowed in the package, so I told shadow to relocate it to com.github.theredwagoneer.javax.usb.
What I didn't know is that besides relocating actual package references, shadow actually relocated strings that match the package pattern. However, it didn't rename resource filenames or resource file contents. So the mod was looking for com.github.theredwagoneer.javax.usb.properties, but all that was there was javax.usb.properties. The string inside the file needed to change too. Relocated those manually. All works now.