Firstly, EntityPlayer#openContainer is assigned the container of the opened chest AFTER the initialization (GuiScreen#initGui) of the opened GuiChest (the container is stored in GuiContainer). So, I changed to try to access the chest contents in InitGuiEvent.Post event handler.
Secondly, I found that the container stored in GuiContainer is a ContainerChest containing the player inventory AND the chest inventory. Therefore, it is not accurate to access the container and directly get the item stacks via it. Then, I found that ContainerChest#getLowerChestInventory returns the chest inventory (somehow it is called lower inventory).
Finally, I checked the runtime type of the inventory returned by ContainerChest#getLowerChestInventory. It turns out to be ContainerLocalMenu. The only place which constructs new ContainerLocalMenus is NetHandlerPlayClient#handleOpenWindow. However, the method accepts a packet that does not store the chest inventory contents.
Where did I go wrong? How do I access the chest contents?