Thanks, but unfortunately this did not seem to have an effect.
I did some more digging and found the error is being logged in WorldServer, function createSpawnPosition(). The variable chunkposition must be coming back null from the call to worldchunkmanager.findBiomePosition(). It seems odd to me that the game actually looks to be creating the world first, then it locates a nearby biome of the selected spawn biome type to drop you in, rather than just force the first biome it generates to be the selected spawn biome then building the world out from there - but that's beside the point. However this does mean the biome I created must not be working because it's not being created anywhere nearby and thus not found.
It seems the function findBiomePosition is all obfuscated in my source, so I can't tell entirely what it is doing. While I am able to edit the java WorldServer, it's not a class file, so it ends up not recompiling. So I can't even logger.debug or logger.warn to get some answers. Tracing back it looks like findBiomePosition is drawing data from a class variable called genBiomes which is a GenLayer, generated from sub 0 of "agenlayer" which is an array of GenLayers pulled from two steps, firstly a declaration from GenLayer.initializeAllBiomGenerators, and then assigned a second time from a call to getModdedBiomeGenerators, which also accepts the array as a parameter, only to pass it to WorldTypeEvent.InitBiomeGens(). From there it just gets worse. So... Anyways, I'm getting pretty confused by all the code - if it had comments maybe it wouldn't be so bad, or if I wasn't new to modding minecraft and had a better idea of why certain things were happening I don't know - either way, this is getting frustrating and I can't help but think there must be an easier way to do this.
Could it be @GotoLink was right? Do I need to create/register a new world type? Is this a simpler process?
Additionally, I don't want to do anything that couldn't end up being easily dropped into existing mod packs like Tekkit or FTB, so I don't want super shortcut answers that ruin the potential of the mod to play well with others.