I am making a new block with a TE but I need it when I change a 'Setting' of that block to make it have extra data so the TE can latter read that data and use it.

You need to use NBT to save custom data.And that depends on what type of data you want to save.If it is just a boolean or an int, it is rather easy, but for more complex information, it can be quite difficult.I recommend looking at open source mods, like BuildCraft or Thinkers Construct on how to do it.