It's basically the same in Java as in C++; just invoke the constructor of BlockPos.
BlockPos pos = new BlockPos(x, y, z);
Note that everything in Java apart from primitive values is a pointer.
However, you should learn Java before making a mod, as the Forge API can be a bit confusing for new modders, and not knowing Java will greatly increase the difficulty of learning to mod.
if(Minecraft.getInstance().gameSettings.keyBindSprint.isKeyDown())
{
worldIn.setBlockState(pos, Blocks.NOTE_BLOCK.getDefaultState().with(NOTE, _new));
}
else
{
worldIn.setBlockState(pos, ModBlocks.noteblock_low.getDefaultState().with(NOTE, _new));
}
You are reaching across logical sides. This will crash on a dedicated server, as the Minecraft class only exists on the client, while all World interactions should be done on the server.
You should send a packet to the server about the pressing of the key bind and set the BlockState on the server side.