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2) just separate "forge" stuff (registering things, etc.) from "mod" stuff (what should happen for players to see) into separate classes and you will be fine. 3) no, not really. especially if you want to port to other mod loaders. except maybe architectury but i never used that. 4) don't worry about it, at least for controllable things like chickens. let player decide if he wants 4 or 400 chickens around. you should worry about ambient entities (things flying/swimming around) and not have hundreds of those especially if you can't prevent them from appearing all the time (like squids) or if you can't kill them (like some glowbugs/fireflies...). 1) start with 1.18. porting to 1.19 is pretty easy, but you probably wont want to maintain 1.19 in parallel, likely 1.18 and 1.20. you do not need to decide on this now because you don't know when you'll have a stable mod and free time.