Great news! That actually fixed it! I am forever grateful for your help man, you seriously saved me. Here is exactly what I did in case others have the same issue:
Create new world (using the re-create world function didn't work for me.)
Use the same seed from original world, make sure my game settings are all the same like difficulty, gamemode, etc.
Load in to world.
Exit world.
Go to save folder, copy level.dat, level.dat_old, and session.lock
Go to original broken world's save folder, delete those three files and paste in the ones I copied.
Load into original world. I relogged a few times just to check the error wouldn't return. Seems now to be working just fine! I'll be making sure to make more frequent backups and if this problem ever occurs again, I'll try out your solution once more.
Thank you again TileEntity!