unfortunately this is hardcoded in vanilla via private static methods in the CrossbowItem class,
the best way would be to copy these methods and edit them in your Item class the methods you need to copy are:
CrossbowItem.getArrow, CrossbowItem.shootProjectile and CrossbowItem.performShooting
then you be able to modify the AbstractArrow in your custom getArrow method, you can set the Arrow damage via AbstractArrow#setBaseDamage
after that you also need to override #use, you can copy the logic from vanilla but note you need to call you custom performShooting there
you will probably need a few AT's if you don't want to copy the complete vanilla logic from the Crossbow,
since there are several private static methods that you have to call from your custom methods (i told you above)