Best "open-source"-ish mod to learn the basics of things? Minecraft. Seriously, a lot of things people ask about can be found here and there in Vanilla. Best open-source mod to learn about conventional coding? Forge. Best open-source mod to learn about how to do some specific things? Your brain and a bit of logic. Best open-source mod to learn something really specific from? Well, depends on the specifics.
Most mods nowdays are open-sourced, as there is literally no reason to hide your source code. Every mod does things it's own way though. Want something simple? Pick a simple mod then, Any advanced mod will have several layers of abstractions and by your definition will be 'non learner friendly'.
Also I do not think that any mod but the forge example mod is intended to be 'learner-friendly'. Mods are usually designed to work, not to teach people how to code